Communication is established through a dedicated fiber-optic channel, which includes time synchronization designed to ensure nanosecond-accurate time synchronization (<25 ns) between the two relays. In this paper, the basic content of relay protection is described, the. Two other popular transmission rates, the 6. 312 Mbps DS-2 rate consisting of 4 DS-1 channels and the 44. Important benefits include limiting tripping to faulted line section, high-speed simultaneous clearing for all internal line faults, preventing overtripping on external faults, and reducing. These schemes require the use of a communications channel that may be provided through pilot wires, microwave, fiber, or power line carrier. If the measured parameters exceed threshold values, appropriate actions are initiated.
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