Electro-optic modulators face various sources of damage and limitations that impact their performance and longevity. One significant issue is the photorefractive effect in lithium niobate crystals (LiNbO 3), where photoexcited charge carriers migrate, causing local variations. An Electro-Optic Modulator (EOM) is a device that modifies the properties of a light beam, such as its phase, amplitude, or polarization, in response to an applied electric field. While bulk modulators are a well-established technology, their large size introduces additional loss that drives up power. Thermo-optic materials utilize refractive index changes induced by temperature variations, offering simple implementation and broad material compatibility, although often at the cost of slower response times. And the price is much lower than original modules, It's the best choice for many users. So here. The optical module is one of the core devices of the optical communication system, and its development has a vital impact on its related industrial chain, from the upstream industry chip substrate, PCB to the downstream telecom market and data communication market, and the field of lidar driverless.
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