Now, researchers at EPFL, led by Professor Tobias J. Kippenberg, have built an EDWA based on silicon nitride (Si3N4) photonic integrated circuits of a length up to half meter on a millimeter-scale footprint, generating a record output power of more than 145 mW and providing a small-signal. Among them, the Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) proved to be the most revolutionary. Snitzer conducted early experiments in the 1960s with neodymium- and ytterbium-doped fibers. In modern high-capacity communications, the Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP) form factor stands as a versatile, hot-swappable interface for fiber optic networks. They are often used in long-distance communication fiber optic cables and fiber-based lasers.
[PDF Version]